Gail Ferris' paddle drawings are barely visible in thumbnails, but worth looking at in fullsize!

Curved Bone Up

Ilulissat 1 bone edge

Ilulissat 2 bone edges

Kitdit Vestejland

Lars Jensen

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Lars Jensen, son of Nikolaj Jensen, Kullorsuaq Greenland kayak paddle specifically designed without a rib down the center
Measured and drawn by Gail Ferris 9/95

Gail E. Ferris
October 18, 1998

Nathanial Jensen

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Nathaniel Jensen paddle designed with a ridge down the center to split the vortices by Nikolaj Jensen, Kullorsuaq, Greenland
The shape of the blade cross section at 2cm is a long rectangle with rounded edges. At 20cm the cross section is an ellipse without any rib down the center. At 25cm the rib on the face of the paddle blade starts to form and at 40cm the rib becomes highly defined.

The loom begins at 76-77cm where there is a step down.

length overall: 217cm
length of loom: 61cm, rectangular
blade length: 77cm

Measured and drawn by Gail Ferris 9/95.

Gail E. Ferris
October 18, 1998

Neils Moller

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New paddle made by Neils Møller at the Upernavik Museum

A thin blade with a shallow taper

This new paddle was very smooth of light yellow fine grained wood, without bone ornamentation and an elliptical cross section.

Similar paddle on Rosa Thorliefssen's father's kayak in Innarsuit which also was very likely the standard paddle in the 1930's (very light and especially long).

Length: 226cm

measured and drawn by Gail Ferris 6/29/95.

Gail E. Ferris
October 18, 1998

Odense Upv 97

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Kayak paddle collected in 1890's given to Upernavik Museum from Odense Byter Museums appears to be very similar to a paddle Gail Ferris measured June 1995 from Kiidlit/Vestejland, an Island on the western edge of Disko Bay.

This paddle has a very distinct ridge down the middle of the blade which the paddle from Kiidlit did not have.

This is a very thick paddle.
Overall length: 200cm
Bone edge is 1cm wideby 39cm long by 0.75cm thick.
Bone tip is 8cm long

ransition from paddle blade to the shaft starts at 75cm from the tip.

You asked me why the diamond shape in Nathanial Jensens paddle affects the wake vortex configuration by splitting them. Well Nikolaj Jensen and I both agreed that the annoying thing about a flat faced paddle is that the paddle chatters or wavers up and down in the water during heavy acceleration. And so to eliminate this is to make the paddle blade face diamond shaped.

I think the best way to discribe the effect of a diamond shaped paddle blade face is that it causes wake separation sufficient during start-up acceleration to eliminate the combining of the wake from the power face and back face from generating perceptible wake drag. The wake generated on the power face is divided into two simultaneous wakes one on the top and one on the bottom of the face instead of one alternately coming off the top and then again off the bottom.

Also I think if you look closely at the unusual shape of both the Odense and most particularly the Kitdit paddle you will see that there is a highly exaggerated roundness at the 40 and 60 cm. sections where the wood junctions with the bone edge of the paddle forming a concave area at the juncture of the bone with the wood. I noticed this very extreme juncture area and wondered why it was so rounded up rather than delicately flattened to a nice gentle integrated line with the bone and wood melling together with no concavity rather a gentle sloping shape.

Gail E. Ferris
October 18, 1998

Weathered Upv 97

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Weathered thin old paddle found in the loft of the old church. No ridge down the center, elliptical ends, softly rounded without ridge down the center of the blade. Such a thin narrow blade is just the opposite of the Kiitdit blade which I suspect must flex when applied from a standing start. Shaft is a rounded square.

Overall length: 226cm
Transition to rounded square shaft starts at 85cm
Transition to paddle shaft on the edge of paddle starts at 65cm.

Measured and drawn by Gail Ferris. Dec 4th, 1997.

Gail E. Ferris
October 18, 1998

Sleuthing around the Ice - Strategy for Bergs

By Gail E. Ferris

I live in Upernavik Greenland where we have a continual parade of
Icebergs. Every time I go paddling I think about icebergs, what
they are doing and what they might do. Icebergs are always
challenging because no two icebergs are alike.

Even though an iceberg may not appear to be quite as fantastic as
the monstrous, tunneled icebergs I have seen in Blomster Bay in
King Oscar's Fiord of Northeast Greenland, still for those of us
who venture on the water in our fragile kayaks, any iceberg is
to be respected. Icebergs can be extremely deceiving, especially
when a big iceberg has done very little for a long time. Then it's
easy to become used to it as just another mountain of ice just
sitting quietly on the water and it don't seem as though it can be
such a threat.

But icebergs are full of surprises and one big surprise can be those
hidden dimensions beneath the surface. The last time I was paddling
decided to make a crossing that would be few miles and to start
from an easily identifiable point. So I choose what simply looked
like two small grounded out bergs. The only thing that seemed just
a little bit odd about these two icebergs is that they were the
only two icebergs side by side and there were no other icebergs near.

It just seemed unlikely but I thought that perhaps the current was
just right at the moment they landed in that bay and then by unlikely
chance happened to have grounded out there together. It didn't really
seem all that likely but I just assumed that anything can be possible
with icebergs.

While I was making the crossing and found myself precariously out
in the middle feeling very vulnerable because refuge was a mile or so
either way, I heard a thunderous crash. And judging from the tone of
the thunder, this was definitely from a large iceberg that was doing
more than just dropping off a few pieces. The sound seemed as though
it could have come down around the bend in another passage. However
the sound could have been an echo from an iceberg that is next to one
of the nearby the cliff faces.

I stopped paddling and carefully scanned all the bergs in sight just
to be sure that there was no steep wave bearing down on me from out of
nowhere. Surfing is nice and I enjoy experimenting with the dynamics
of waves, but as a solitary cold water paddler, I don't like
surprises like being overtaken by a wall of water. I continued the
crossing without any surprises and I just had to make some minor
corrections for current set. I enjoyed looking in detail at the rocks
studying the formations and enjoying the sculptural abstract shapes
of eroded granite.

This is one of those fine moments, which makes kayak paddling such a
pleasure. When you are in a kayak you are experiencing active water
directly and when you are looking at eroded rock you are seeing
what water does to objects that don't move of themselves but
are moved by water. What's unique about an icberg is that it interacts
with the water as a stationary object being eroded and as a floating
object.

But this is only a small part of the spectrum. An iceberg is exposed
to a constant interplay between different temperature stresses. The
entire structure of an iceberg is a product of it's creation with
unequal structural stresses throughout. So you have this constant
shift in dominance of internal structural stresses pieces fall off,
the whole thing splits, the water currents are constantly eroding the
foot, it can ground out and suddenly the center of gravity abruptly
changes and the whole iceberg rolls over. Now you have an entirely
different shape with a new set of internal stresses vying for dominance.

So when it comes to icebergs there is always something happening and
that is what makes icebergs so endlessly fascinating. After I had
enjoyed myself feasting my eyes savoring this unexpected treasure
of abstract forms it was time to head back across the passage. Now
the confusion set in when I turned and scanned the horizon for my twin
iceberg starting point because everything even the twin icebergs
just seemed to blend together. I was looking for distinctive landmarks
on Long Island, which are in the 50-meter range gently rising to a
maximum of 200 meters.

Coming from the opposite side I had been using landmarks such as the
680 meter Umiak Mountain, a valley and long expanse of columnar
basaltic cliffs which are nearly impossible to miss unless it's
hopelessly foggy. On the return the landmarks were so lacking
definition and even the islands melded together making them look
like one massive island. "Wow," I thought to myself; "I didn't
expect this." If I had I would have turned around a few times on the
way over just to familiarize myself what the land looks like as I get
farther and farther away from it. Oops!” I toldmyself "I am usually
more careful than this. You are getting lazy and overly confident."
I calmed myself and started across remembering that I had come on a
diagonal.

All went fine and the two icebergs came into view so I headed for them.
Then just as I was passing them, suddenly there was a huge crash on the
shoreward side where luckily I wasn't. A chunk fell off followed by
more small chunks of ice and I thanked my lucky stars that I hadn't
decided to come in for a landing on that shore because the waves would
have just grabbed my kayak. Such a large amount of ice fell off that the
center of gravity changed. Next the two icebergs revealed themselves to
actually be just one large berg joined beneath the surface by a bridge.

The end nearest me reared out of the water then rolled part way back
under the surface until the berg restabilized on it's new center of
gravity. Now I realized that this berg was easily more than three
times the original size of what I thought it was as two small bergs.
I was glad that I hadn't passed by on the restricted shoreward side or
any closer than I was. I usually carefully decide on the danger limit
of a berg by its size.

This time I had been tricked and I rethought about my original
assumption. One thing that is definite; never assume anything about
icebergs.

Gail E. Ferris, POB 63,3962 Upernavik GREENLAND ph/fx +299 961527
Ferris@greennet.gl October 18, 1998